Imazamox (Ref: BAS 720H)

Imazamox (Ref: BAS 720H)	Last updated: 21/08/2024
(Also known as: AC 299263; CL 299263)

SUMMARY

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: GUS: High leachability; Drainflow: Very mobile	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Birds acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Bees acute contact ecotoxicity: Moderate; Bees acute oral ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health High alert: Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A post-emergence herbicide used to control weeds including those in aquatic situations

Example pests controlled

Grass and broadleaf weeds, Common reed (Phragmites australis), Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus), Curly-leaf pond weed (Potamogeton crispus)

Example applications

Aquatic situations; Edible legumes; Soybeans; Alfalfa; Sunflowers; Winter OSR

Efficacy & activity

Imazamox is an established herbicide and products using it have been available in Europe and elsewhere for many years. National assessments of efficiacy have been undertaken.

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

2001, introduced

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

31/01/2029

UK LERAP status

Check label - may vary with formulation

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

France/Italy

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

31/01/2025

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Yes - two 'Persistent-Bioaccumulative-Toxic' criteria

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Australia, Morocco

Chemical structure

Isomerism

A chiral molecule

Chemical formula

C₁₅H₁₉N₃O₄

Canonical SMILES

CC(C)C1(C(=O)NC(=N1)C2=NC=C(C=C2C(=O)O)COC)C

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

NUPJIGQFXCQJBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C15H19N3O4/c1-8(2)15(3)14(21)17-12(18-15)11-10(13(19)20)5-9(6-16-11)7-22-4/h5-6,8H,7H2,1-4H3,(H,19,20)(H,17,18,21)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
imazamox	R-isomer
imazamox	-

General status

Pesticide type

Herbicide

Substance groups

Imidazolinone herbicide

Minimum active substance purity

950 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - None declared

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Contact and residual activity. Inhibits plant amino acid synthesis - acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS.

CAS RN

114311-32-9

EC number

601-305-7

CIPAC number

619

US EPA chemical code

129171

PubChem CID

86137

CLP index number

613-208-00-7

Molecular mass

305.34

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

2-[(RS)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl]-5-methoxymethylnicotinic acid

CAS name

2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Avena fatua, Lolium rigidum, Amaranthus retroflexus

Physical state

Off-white solid

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

BASF
AgroCare
CropSure Pty Ltd

Example products using this active

Nirvana
Beyond
Raptor
CropSure Sparrowhawk

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as an emulsifiable concentrate

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

626000

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Hexane

67000

Methanol

2200

Toluene

10000

Ethyl acetate

Melting point (°C)

166.3

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

180.0

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.26 X 10^-03

Calculated

Log P

-2.9

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Insoluble

Data type

Regulatory data

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.39

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

2.3

Strong acid, pKa(2)=3.3; pKa(3)=10.8

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

6.3 X 10^-08

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

4.9 X 10^-12

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

203nm = 25800, 244nm = 12400, 275nm = 6120, no absorption > 290nm

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

51.9

at 20 °C 99.8%

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

200.2

Persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

200.2

Persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

16.7

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

363

Persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

47.6

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU 2016 dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 106-295 days, DT₉₀ range 45.2-1000 days, Soils=6; field studies DT₅₀ range 8.1-14.0 days, Soils=2

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

0.2

Fast

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable pH 4 to pH 9

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

233

Slow

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

132

Stable

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

0.14

Very mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

11.6

¹/_n

0.936

Notes and range

EU 2016 dossier K_f=0.07-0.59 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 4.1-66.0 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.85-1.02, Soils=12

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

3.59

Calculated

High leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

3.32 X 10^-01

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Very mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

4.7

Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 1.5E+06 OH/cm³, 12 hr

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

0.1

Viscera

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

5-hydroxy-6-((4RS)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nicotinic acid (Ref: CL-354825)

Major fraction

0.552

2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-3,5,pyridinecarboxylic acid (Ref: CL 312622)

Major fraction

0.436

Known groundwater metabolites

Metabolite

EC SANCO/221/2000 relevancy

ADI (mg kg⁻¹ bodyweight day⁻¹)

WHO drinking water guidance value (μg L⁻¹ day⁻¹)

2-(4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-3,5,pyridinecarboxylic acid (Ref: CL 312622)

Relevant

5-hydroxy-6-((4RS)-4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nicotinic acid (Ref: CL-354825)

Relevant

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

2-[(1-carbamoyl-1,2-dimethylpropyl)carbamoyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid (Ref: CL-336554)

Water (Photolysis)

0.364

5-methoxymethyl-2-3-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (Ref: CL-334151)

Water (Photolysis)

0.287

2,3,5-pyridine tricarboxylic acid (Ref: CL-351543)

Water (Photolysis)

0.340

Ref: CL-359770

Water (Hydrolyssis)

0.221

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

> 1469

Unknown species Reproductive NOAEL

Low

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1846

Colinus virginianus

Moderate

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 5572 mg kg feed⁻¹

Colinus virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

209.4

Colinus virginianus NOAEL

Low

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 901

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

5.85

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 0.15 kg ha⁻¹

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

4.74

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 58

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 40

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 80.0

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 68.8

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 122

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Low

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

> 1.22

Oncorhynchus mykiss 35 day

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

1.07

Danio rerio EC₅₀ Embryo

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Daphnia magna

Low

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

137

Daphnia magna

Low

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

0.011

Lemna gibba

Moderate

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 29.1

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

4000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 6.3

Rat 4 hr (whole body)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

3.0

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

3.0

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

2.25

Dermal penetration studies (%)

default

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

No unacceptable risks to bystanders identified

Occupational

No unacceptable risks to operators or other workers indentified

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

No further information available

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Prevent generation of mists
Not explosive or oxidising
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Environment: H400, H410

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

UN3077

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

imazamox

French

imazamox

German

Imazamox

Danish

imazamox

Italian

imazamox

Spanish

imazamox

Greek

imazamox

Polish

imazamoks

Swedish

Hungarian

imazox

Dutch

imazamox

Norwegian

Record last updated:	21/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242