Daminozide

Daminozide	Last updated: 22/08/2024
(Also known as: SADH; DMASA; aminozide)

SUMMARY

Daminozide is a widely used plant growth regulator. It is highly soluble in water and volatile. Based on its chemical properties it is not expected to leach to groundwater. Data suggests it is not persistent in soil systems but can be persistent in some water systems. It is relatively non-toxic to mammals but has a high potential for bioaccumulation. Daminozide is a recognised irritant. It has a moderate toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and earthworms but is less harmful to birds, fish and honeybees.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: Drainflow: Mobile	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Moderate alert: Possible Carcinogen; Neurotoxicant

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A hydrazide plant growth regulator for use in certain ornamentals in greenhouses, shade-houses and nurseries

Example pests controlled

Growth - internode elongation to produce more compact plants

Example applications

Ornamentals including azealeas, bedding plants and plugs, chrysanthemums, foliage plants, hydrangers; Tree fruit including peaches, cherries, prunes, pears

Efficacy & activity

Efficiacy supported by field trials that demonstrate it produces more robust plants.

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1965, introduced

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

31/10/2029

UK LERAP status

None

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Czech Republic/Hungary

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

15/09/2025

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
		✓	✓	✓		✓	✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway
	✓

Additional information

Also used in

Australia, USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₆H₁₂N₂O₃

Canonical SMILES

CN(C)NC(=O)CCC(=O)O

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

NOQGZXFMHARMLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C6H12N2O3/c1-8(2)7-5(9)3-4-6(10)11/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,7,9)(H,10,11)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Plant Growth Regulator

Substance groups

Straight-chain fatty acid PGR

Minimum active substance purity

990 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU 2018 dossier - N-nitrosodimethylamine < 2.0 mg kg⁻¹; 1,1-dimethylhydrazide < 30 mg kg⁻¹

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Absorbed via leaves, translocates throughout plant. Thought to inhibit 2OG oxygenases involved in gibberellin, and possibly ethylene, biosynthesis in plants.

CAS RN

1596-84-5

EC number

216-485-9

CIPAC number

330

US EPA chemical code

035101

PubChem CID

15331

CLP index number

No data found

Molecular mass

160.17

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

4-(2,2-dimethylhydrazinyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid

IUPAC name

N-(dimethylamino)succinamic acid

CAS name

butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Off-white crystalline solid

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Certis
Fine
Chemtura Corp
Uniroyal

Example products using this active

B-Nine SG
Dazide Enhance
Alar 85SG

Formulation and application details

Often supplied as water soluble granules

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

128000

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

270

Ethyl acetate

1610

Acetone

n-Hexane

48000

Methanol

Melting point (°C)

153

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

142

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

2.95 X 10^-02

Calculated

Log P

-1.53

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Insoluble

Data type

Regulatory data

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.3

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

4.68

Weak acid

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

1.5 X 10^-03

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

1.0 X 10^-09

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

neutral pH: 191nm=6520
Acidic pH: 198nm=951
Basic pH: 192nm=6966

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

69.8

at 25 °C 0.1% soln.

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Considered to be readily biodegradable

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

0.12

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

0.12

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

0.63

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

0.12

geometric mean

Note

EU 2018 dossier lab studies DT₅₀ (normalised) range 0.06-0.23 days, DT₉₀ (measured) range 0.35-1.21 days, Soils=4; Other sources: DT₅₀ 21 days (US3), 21 days (DW4)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

149

Stable

Note

Not an important degradation route

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable pH 5 to pH 9

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

0.91

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

No data

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

0.25

Mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

26.6

¹/_n

1.27

Notes and range

EU 2018 dossier K_f range 0.096-0.642 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 18.4-46.5 mL g⁻¹,, 1/N RANGE 1.107-1,368, Soils=4

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

-2.37

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

1.43 X 10^-04

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

10.57

Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 1.5E+06 OH/cm³, 12 hr

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Low risk

Based on LogP < 3

Low risk

CT₅₀ (days)

A5 Onion, Ryegrass, Wheat, Corn, Sugar beet, OSR

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

methanol

Major fraction

0.272

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine
Note: Contaminant and metabolite

UDMH

Animal

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

80.5

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2250

Anas platyrhynchos

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 10000 mg kg feed⁻¹

Unknown species

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1000

Eisenia foetida

Low

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

684

Eisenia foetida

Low

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 20 kg formulation ha⁻¹; 100 Day

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

> 7.5

Oat Barley Carrot Radish Cucumber Bean
Vegetative vigour, ER₅₀
as kg ha⁻¹

> 13.0

-
Seedling emergence, ER₅₀
as kg ha⁻¹

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 200

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 200

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic as 10-day LDD₅₀ µg bee⁻¹ day⁻¹

> 106.2

Apis mellifera

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 8500

Chrysoperla carnea Larva

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 8500

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 8500

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 8500

Poecilus cupreus

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Cyprinus carpio

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

1.7

Pimephales promelas 33 day

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

10.6

Danio rerio EC₅₀ Embryo

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

75.5

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

> 1.7

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

334

Unknown species

Low

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

> 127

Lemna gibba 7 day NOEC

Low

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

5000

Rabbit

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 2.1

Rat 4 hr (nose only)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.45

Rat SF=200

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.16

Dermal penetration studies (%)

0.2-1.9

concentration dependent

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Acceptable risks for bystanders

Occupational

Acceptable risks for operators and otherworkers

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Elimination is rapid as metabolites (within 48 hrs) via the faeces as the main route. Lesser amounts lost via urine and expired air.

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

US EPA - probable human carcinogen; CLP data - suspected carcingen

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive or oxidising
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H351, H315, H319

WHO Classification

U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

daminozide

French

daminozide

German

Daminozid

Danish

daminozide

Italian

daminozide

Spanish

daminozida

Greek

Polish

daminozyd

Swedish

daminozid

Hungarian

daminozide

Dutch

Norwegian

daminozid

Record last updated:	22/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242