Carbaryl (Ref: UC 7744)

Carbaryl (Ref: UC 7744)	Last updated: 24/08/2024
(Also known as: sevin; OMS 29; OMS 629; ENT 23969; NMC)

SUMMARY

Carbaryl is an obsolete carbamate insecticide. It has a low aqueous solubility and is volatile. It is not persistent in either soil or water systems. It is highly toxic to mammals but it is not expected to bioaccumulate. It is a suspected endocrine disruptor. Carbaryl is moderately toxic to birds, fish and algae but less toxic to aquatic plants.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: GUS: Transition state; Drainflow: Moderately mobile	Ecotoxicity High alert: Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: High; Bees acute contact ecotoxicity: High; Bees acute oral ecotoxicity: High; Earthworms acute ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Endocrine disrupter; Reproduction/development effects; Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

An insecticide with a variety of uses including worm removal and fruit thinning

Example pests controlled

Beetles; Caterpillars; Adelgids

Example applications

Fruit including citrus; Cotton; Forestry; Lawns; Forage crops; Ornamentals

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Considered obsolete but may be available in some countries

Introduction & key dates

circa 1957, introduced

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Expired

UK LERAP status

No UK approval for use as a pesticide

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Spain

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Australia, USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₁₂H₁₁NO₂

Canonical SMILES

CNC(=O)OC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21

Isomeric SMILES

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

CVXBEEMKQHEXEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C12H11NO2/c1-13-12(14)15-11-8-4-6-9-5-2-3-7-10(9)11/h2-8H,1H3,(H,13,14)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Insecticide, Plant Growth Regulator

Substance groups

Carbamate insecticide; Carbamate acaricide

Minimum active substance purity

990 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - 2-Naphthol <0.5 g kg⁻¹, 2-naphthyl methylcarbamate <0.5 g/Kg

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Stomach and contact activity with slight systemic properties. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitor.

CAS RN

63-25-2

EC number

200-555-0

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

056801

PubChem CID

6129

CLP index number

006-011-00-7

Molecular mass

201.22

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

naphthalen-1-yl methylcarbamate

IUPAC name

1-naphthyl methylcarbamate

CAS name

1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate

Other status information

Marine Pollutant; Chemical subject to PIC regulations; PAN Bad Actor

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Adoxophyes orana, Chrysoperla carnea, Helicoverpa armigera, Psylla pyricola, plus others

Physical state

White-grey powder

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Scotts Company
Bonide Products
Bayer CropScience
BASF
Union Carbide

Example products using this active

Sevin
Septene
Karbaspray
Devicarb
D-H Five-One Dust

Formulation and application details

Often formulated as a suspension concentrate that is mixed with water and applied using an orchard sprayer

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

9.1

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

250

n-Heptane

9860

Xylene

87500

Methanol

175000

Ethyl acetate

Melting point (°C)

138

Boiling point (°C)

210

Degradation point (°C)

254

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

2.29 X 10⁰²

Calculated

Log P

2.36

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Soluble

Data type

Regulatory data - observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.21

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

10.4

Very weak acid

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

0.0416

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

9.20 X 10^-05

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Neutral solution: 220nm = 82696, 270nm = 5743, 279nm = 6434, 291nm = 4211
Acidic solution: 221.5nm = 18362, 280.0nm = 6703, 295nm <2743

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

65.5

at 20°C

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

107

Persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 2.3-98.7 days, DT₉₀ range 13.3-328.6 days

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

5.4

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.3-22.0 days, 17 field and undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=23

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

6.0

Note

Published literature RL₅₀ range 0.5-16.9 days, 11 field and undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=20

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Moderately fast

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Non-persistent

Note

pH sensitive: stable at pH 5; 3 hrs at pH 9

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

5.8

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

3.1

Moderately fast

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

[Wheat grain: 21 wks @ 30 DegC, 50% RH; Modelled data]

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

Moderately mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

300

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

2.6

Moderately mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

211

¹/_n

0.814

Notes and range

EU dossier K_f range 1.74-3.52 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 177-249 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.784-0.840, Soils=4; Literature data: K_f range 0.31-3.52 mL g⁻¹, kfoc range 134-320 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.78-2.10, Soils = 8

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

2.02

Calculated

Transition state

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

5.85 X 10^-02

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Moderately mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Whole fish (Other literature Log BCF range 0.4-4.3 (R3))

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

32-144

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

1-naphthol

Major fraction

0.346

methylamine

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

phthalic acid hydrated:

Water

0.063

-
Note: Cholinesterase inhibitor

2-hydroxycarbaryl

Plant

-
Note: Cholinesterase inhibitor

4-hydroxycarbaryl

Plant

-
Note: Cholinesterase inhibitor; Rat LD50 (oral) = 297 mg/kg bw

5-hydroxycarbaryl

Plant

phthalic acid

Water

0.064

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

614

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

3.73

Dog 1 yr

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Anas platyrhynchos

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 1000 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹

Colinus virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

< 4

Allolobophora caliginosa

High

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 6.5 mg kg⁻¹ soil

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

0.14

Apis mellifera

High

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 0.21

Apis mellifera

High

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

41.2

Bombus terrestris 48 hr

Moderate

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 3.84

Bombus terrestris 72 hr

Moderate

Literature range LD₅₀ 3.84-3.96 µg bee⁻¹

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

0.543

Andrena erythronii

High

Mode of exposure

Contact

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

0.747

Trigona spinipes

High

Mode of exposure

Contact

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings) as Mortality, Contact LD₅₀ ug/g bw insect

> 8.5

Chrysoperla carnea Larva

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹ 48 hr

0.0247

Aphidius rhopalosiphi Adult

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹ 7 day

457

Typhlodromus pyri Protonymph

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

2.6

Pimephales promelas

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.21

Pimephales promelas 34 day

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 9.25

Danio rerio

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.0064

Daphnia pulex

High

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.25

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.002

Ceriodaphnia dubia

High

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.0057

Americamysis bahia

High

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.13

Chironomus riparius 1 day

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

13.7

Lemna gibba

Low

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

0.6

Chlorella spp.

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

0.020

Aquatic community inappropriate test conditions

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

614

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

5000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

2.4

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.0075

Rat SF=2000

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.01

Rat SF=100

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.01

Rat SF=1000

Dermal penetration studies (%)

0.5-10

concentration dependent

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Metabolised and rapidly excreted it in the urine and faeces

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin
IARC Group 3 carcinogen - not classifiable; CLP data - suspected carcinogen; US EPA - likely to be human carcinogen
May be estrogenic and progesteronic
Endocrine issues - Weak estrogen effect

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive but containers may explode when heated
Corrosive
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H302, H332, H351
Environment: H400

WHO Classification

II (Moderately hazardous)

UN Number

UN2757

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

carbaryl

French

carbaryl

German

Carbaryl

Danish

carbaryl

Italian

carbaril

Spanish

carbaril

Greek

carbaryl

Polish

karbaryl

Swedish

Hungarian

karbaril

Dutch

carbaryl

Norwegian

Record last updated:	24/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242