6-benzyladenine (Ref: ABG-3191)

6-benzyladenine (Ref: ABG-3191)	Last updated: 21/08/2024
(Also known as: 6-BAP; 6-BA; 6-benzylaminopurine; benzyl adenine; N6-benzyl adenine)

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Drainflow: Slightly mobile	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Bees acute oral ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms acute ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Moderate alert: Mammals acute toxicity: Moderate; Reproduction/development effects Warning: Significant data are missing

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

Used alone or in combination with other substances such as gibberellins for fruitlet thinning in orchards to increase yields

Example pests controlled

Growth

Example applications

Fruit trees; Melons; Citrus; Ornamentals; Cereals

Efficacy & activity

Appearance and life cycle

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1958 first reported, 1975 introduced Japan

Taxonomic classification

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

31/08/2029

GB LERAP status

None

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Sweden/Netherlands

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

15/07/2026

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
		✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Known to be also used in the following countries

USA, Morocco

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Chemical formula

C₁₂H₁₁N₅

Canonical SMILES

C1=CC=C(C=C1)CNC2=NC=NC3=C2NC=N3

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

NWBJYWHLCVSVIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C12H11N5/c1-2-4-9(5-3-1)6-13-11-10-12(15-7-14-10)17-8-16-11/h1-5,7-8H,6H2,(H2,13,14,15,16,17)

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
6-benzyladenine	-

General status

Biopesticide type

Plant Growth Regulator

Substance groups

Plant-derived substance

Minimum active substance purity

973 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Natural

Mode of action

Stimulates protein biosynthesis, generally increasing cell division, synthetic cytokinin

Substance source

A naturally occurring plant substance but synthetic versions are used in cropping situations

Substance production

Often synthesised for agricultural appications

Uses

Yield enhancement

Target pests

None - PGR

Target host

Fruit trees; Melons; Citrus; Ornamentals; Cereals

Farming system suitability

Suitable for use in all farming systems where approved for use in that country

CAS RN

1214-39-7

EC number

214-927-5

CIPAC number

8029

US EPA chemical code

116901

PubChem CID

Molecular mass

225.25

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine

CAS name

6-benzylaminopurine

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Pale white to yellow powder

Related substances & organisms

gibberellins

cytokinin

zeatin

Formulations

Property

Product

Manufacturer

Example products

Promalin

Valent BioSciences

Perlan

Fine Agrochemicals

Exilis

Fine Agrochemicals

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as a water soluble concentrate and used as a foliar spray

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

64.5

Moderate

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

5820

Methanol

493

Ethyl acetate

1130

Acetone

9.78

Xylene

Melting point (°C)

229.5

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

245

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.45 X 10⁰²

Calculated

Log P

2.16

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

0.42

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

9.4

PKa(2) = 7.3

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

6.0 X 10^-04

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

2.98 X 10^-06

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Neutral solution: 207nm = 20800, 270nm = 18800, 290nm = 10800
Acidic solution: 290nm = 24900, 270nm = 19000, 290nm = 1000
Basic solution: 220nm = 21600, 276nm = 18600, 284nm (shoulder) = 14000, 290nm = 2000

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

1.1

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

1.1

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU dossier lab studies range 1.0-1.3 days; Other literature states concentrate degrades to 5-8% after 16 days at 22°C; Other studies DT₅₀ 7-9 weeks

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

2.5

Moderately fast

Note

Slower in pure water than in natural waters.

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Not pH sensitive

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

12.1

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

3.1

Moderately fast

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

18.1

Slightly mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

896

¹/_n

0.79

Notes and range

EU dossier K_f range 10.73-24.43 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 282-1945 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.762-0.818, Soils=4

pH sensitivity

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

adenine

Photolysis

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

benzoylaminoethanoic acid

hippuric acid

Mammal (uriine)

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

1584

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

2875

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 5620 mg kg feed⁻¹

Colinus virginianus

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 500

Eisenia foetida corr

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ dw soil

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 58.73

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

36.2

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as Mortality LR₅₀ g ha⁻¹

> 80.0

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.53

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

42.0

Danio rerio

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

17.0

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

4.52

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

0.31

Lemna gibba

Moderate

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

36.0

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves – Acute EC₅₀ development (mg l⁻¹)

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

1584

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 5.0

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

Subcutaneous LD₅₀ > 2300 mg kg⁻¹

Rat

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.01

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.03

Rabbit SF=300

Dermal penetration studies (%)

7-13

concentration dependent

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Risks generally negligible to consumers and bystanders but some potential risks identified via exposure to drift from orchard sprayers

Occupational

PPE/PPC advised to minimise exposure risk

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

No data found

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Prossible

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Possible kidney toxicant
May lower body weight &/or lower blood glucose level

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not oxidising or explosive
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H302, H315, H319, H335, H361
Environment: H400, H411, H412

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

UN3077

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

6-benzyladenine

French

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Italian

Spanish

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Polish

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	21/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242